ARK, Glassnode Say Three Entities Can Cross Bitcoin, Ether Consensus Thresholds

ARK Invest and blockchain analytics firm Glassnode assessed network concentration by counting the minimum number of entities needed to cross critical consensus thresholds. The measure offers a way to compare blockchains’ exposure to coordinated action, but the researchers cautioned that concentrated mining-pool hash rate or liquid-staking protocols do not automatically give those entities direct control over underlying nodes or the ability to take over an entire network.

The joint report found that Bitcoin and Ethereum would each require cooperation among just three major entities to exceed the relevant consensus threshold, compared with 19 validators for Solana. No monetary value or specific incident date was cited. ARK and Glassnode said the figures should be considered alongside hardware dependence, validator structure and governance, underscoring that each blockchain makes different trade-offs between operational efficiency and decentralization.